Calculate dynamic voltage sag from cell resistance, S×P pack layout, and max controller current.
Quality 18650 ≈ 0.03 Ω per cell
48 V pack often 13S
e.g. 13S4P
Full-throttle current
Primary result
2.44 V sag · 5.1% of nominal
| Voltage sag | 2.44V |
|---|---|
| Sag percentage | 5.1% |
| Pack resistance | 97.5mΩ |
| Nominal voltage | 48V |
| Max controller draw | 25A |
| Cell resistance | 0.03Ω |
| Pack layout | 13S4P |
Note: R_total = R_cell × S ÷ P; V_sag = I × R_total. Default cell resistance is 0.03 Ω (quality 18650). Actual sag varies with temperature, SOC, and cell age.
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