Physics-based range estimate from battery Wh, assist level, rider weight, and wind/terrain factors.
Drivetrain + discharge losses (typical 88–95%)
Rolling + friction baseline (8–10 Wh/km)
Rider + bike + cargo
Primary result
15.9 Wh/km consumption · 460 Wh usable
| Power consumption | 15.9Wh/km |
|---|---|
| Usable energy | 460Wh |
| Assist multiplier | 1.75× |
| Weight penalty | 0.15Wh/km |
| Wind / terrain factor | 1× |
| Assist level | 3L |
Note: Range = (battery Wh × pack efficiency) ÷ Wh/km. Base rolling consumption defaults to 9 Wh/km; assist scales 1.0–2.5 (levels 1–5); +0.1 Wh/km per 10 kg above 80 kg total mass; wind/terrain factor 0.8–1.5.
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